{"id":"W4411214515","doi":"10.1111/jels.12419","title":"In the Eye of the Beholder: How Lawyers Perceive Legal Ethical Problems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"University of Toronto","keywords":"Fiduciary; Professional conduct; Harm; Legal ethics; Professional responsibility; Scholarship; Perception; Political science; Legal profession; Affect (linguistics); Politics; Law; Interdependence; Public relations; Social psychology; Psychology; Duty","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002197232,0.0001482587,0.0008814275,0.000169233,0.0001905751,0.0001079876,0.0006309011,0.0001927954,0.00001580842],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008770009,0.0001028857,0.0004224889,0.0003829954,0.0005146075,0.0002841395,0.0001374849,0.0009027311,0.000009035649],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002143987,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008910438,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004015957,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005318138,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979806,0.0001384203,0.001287624,0.0002113172,0.0001102222,0.0002718261],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983273,0.0003880526,0.0008602961,0.0002485457,0.0001342145,0.00004165174],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009895376,0.0003593656,0.2813804,0.0001935696,0.0008140696,0.00002900883,0.009865369,0.0003508707,0.00003475892,0.5920095,0.1146719,0.000192295],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001513133,0.0003510702,0.1343046,0.0002831759,0.00006773588,0.0000301111,0.005363239,0.0001108825,0.00006521916,0.1014661,0.756152,0.0002927872],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5998057,0.01290079,0.0001462305,0.3290382,0.003656582,0.0004926046,0.00004283839,0.000007730375,0.05390932],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926882,0.0008059758,0.00003115433,0.005030216,0.0003848061,0.000009216485,2.020397e-7,0.000009286947,0.001040915],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6414801,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4195558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07652903511287192,"score_gpt":0.319650085111803,"score_spread":0.2431210499989311,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}