{"id":"W4411302430","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103562","title":"Why is female labor force participation declining in China? A perspective from urban commuting","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Development Economics","topic":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"China; Perspective (graphical); Economics; Demographic economics; Labour economics; Economic geography; Geography; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00109243,0.0002271124,0.00045513,0.001629133,0.001474872,0.001524629,0.0007181735,0.0009071675,0.003386376],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001187364,0.0001397676,0.0003330701,0.002561091,0.001921488,0.001269921,0.0008066273,0.0008186275,0.0001686614],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003419664,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003219083,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1642471,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2245698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993935,0.0001123599,0.00002169786,0.00008885212,0.00006776745,0.0003158211],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989918,0.000174978,0.0002539831,0.00004363672,0.000233613,0.0003019134],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001559207,0.0001029523,0.8958248,0.0002433618,0.00008572739,0.00124869,0.02012723,0.0007522196,0.001123529,0.03722523,0.007159916,0.03595027],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001084874,0.00009872356,0.9581311,0.0001085217,0.00003156644,0.0001136717,0.02572394,0.0007347523,0.0001553763,0.004437264,0.01042922,0.0000249859],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9551761,0.003847385,0.0002425486,0.02848816,0.00009196153,0.00001384922,0.0004189822,0.0000112393,0.01170965],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997022,0.0009042832,0.0000368402,0.0008248938,0.00007681922,0.000004688631,0.00007391199,0.000002182226,0.001054413],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1642471,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3265821,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02623207022504421,"score_gpt":0.325603272863476,"score_spread":0.2993712026384318,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}