{"id":"W4411363037","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250654","title":"Fostering trustworthy information: countering disinformation when there are no bare facts","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Royal Society Open Science","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Universiteit Utrecht","keywords":"Disinformation; Misinformation; Fake news; Internet privacy; Trustworthiness; Root (linguistics); Computer science; Epistemology; Perspective (graphical); Social media; Computer security; World Wide Web; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.08247956,0.001262637,0.001594205,0.00573189,0.008594724,0.02046732,0.003575266,0.01624475,0.004443738],"category_scores_gemma":[0.307008,0.001342331,0.001268445,0.002749283,0.04173236,0.05002625,0.01726466,0.01731528,0.001135031],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005684257,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009870433,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003349222,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002050327,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9144395,0.05400683,0.004589508,0.004190039,0.0198502,0.002923842],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.5303627,0.3412966,0.05392361,0.04234667,0.02683417,0.005236224],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002386185,0.0001797218,0.01180178,0.001393424,0.0002353186,0.002870146,0.1482198,0.002174888,0.002629834,0.7260359,0.01095902,0.09326148],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008816607,0.0002493705,0.002231295,0.002353038,0.0002176985,0.001973457,0.03185538,0.006147182,0.004909297,0.8402748,0.1094869,0.0002134609],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.142231,0.009300493,0.2438778,0.439743,0.002959909,0.0004227402,0.0001475481,0.0006377466,0.1606797],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9533353,0.002352317,0.02930997,0.01048033,0.0007302962,0.0001384821,0.00004448064,0.0001518676,0.003457036],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.08247956,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4361988,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03255075327014578,"score_gpt":0.3358219632191745,"score_spread":0.3032712099490287,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}