{"id":"W4411363037","doi":"10.1098/rsos.250654","title":"Fostering trustworthy information: countering disinformation when there are no bare facts","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Royal Society Open Science","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Universiteit Utrecht","keywords":"Disinformation; Misinformation; Fake news; Internet privacy; Trustworthiness; Root (linguistics); Computer science; Epistemology; Perspective (graphical); Social media; Computer security; World Wide Web; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002407936,0.0001508348,0.0001830533,0.00007933257,0.002730113,0.003763745,0.001907692,0.0001013089,0.0008205512],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006360917,0.0001377295,0.00009205302,0.0008472772,0.0004918351,0.01095747,0.001429108,0.0001693547,0.0003906047],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004766255,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009702732,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009365459,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001758068,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978715,0.00003795387,0.0004246765,0.0001812568,0.0009409859,0.0005436571],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986611,0.00005780777,0.0001947849,0.0003167255,0.0005419721,0.0002276298],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006256204,0.00006215665,0.00497327,0.0002745308,0.00005294002,6.731009e-7,0.5045525,0.002098163,0.00006640219,0.036714,0.2161562,0.2349866],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009236482,0.00003937177,0.03751361,0.0004027385,0.00001342008,8.72287e-7,0.1612824,0.02650864,0.0001859137,0.0008728356,0.7717509,0.0005055637],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04909762,0.00002946196,0.005653221,0.002789875,0.001123178,0.0008176711,0.00002159083,0.0001443586,0.940323],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9871568,0.00005197049,0.001542467,0.005138394,0.00009226841,0.00001199228,0.000013358,0.000004467789,0.005988284],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9380592,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985682,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03255075327014578,"score_gpt":0.3358219632191745,"score_spread":0.3032712099490287,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}