{"id":"W4411395853","doi":"10.5539/ijel.v15n4p22","title":"A Contrastive Analysis: English Causative Constructions in EFL Spanish and Italian Students","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of English Linguistics","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Contrastive analysis; Linguistics; Leverage (statistics); Causative; Psychology; Mathematics education; Error analysis; Contrast (vision); Computer science; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003965665,0.0005197825,0.0004416258,0.003152157,0.0009592313,0.001849557,0.000774871,0.000805429,0.002122779],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02953287,0.0002132195,0.0002947887,0.001516953,0.00173655,0.001661059,0.003122801,0.00118473,0.0005030298],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009096608,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007739401,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005784817,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007441636,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975762,0.0008526208,0.0002615722,0.0003741852,0.0006879002,0.0002474123],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9840816,0.008923235,0.00244637,0.001356828,0.002887703,0.000304187],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006948815,0.0006054711,0.5299553,0.0002711819,0.00006318324,0.001227019,0.3725641,0.0003111581,0.01350768,0.005803428,0.001068495,0.07392818],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004868233,0.0007438977,0.733196,0.0002125599,0.00008041116,0.002671689,0.2313954,0.002321168,0.009541047,0.00579724,0.01390568,0.00008619654],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9932746,0.00009268132,0.001812536,0.0001196986,0.00001132855,0.00003383838,0.00008918287,0.00001672798,0.004549335],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965133,0.00006341905,0.001597628,0.00006212922,0.000008525705,0.000065983,0.0001376352,0.00002131982,0.001530092],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005784817,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02097267,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01032432574447458,"score_gpt":0.2879079325984204,"score_spread":0.2775836068539458,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}