{"id":"W4411404675","doi":"10.1017/9781009403092.007","title":"Formulating Hypotheses/Operationalising Claims","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Statistics Education and Methodologies","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Business","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03035754,0.00154828,0.001276113,0.004247871,0.001994049,0.008781976,0.004286698,0.003106457,0.02364667],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06633259,0.0009149174,0.001684861,0.003072008,0.01647662,0.0195145,0.004487275,0.005298612,0.004043445],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004130567,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003552099,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002378606,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00165379,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9820319,0.01002654,0.001383065,0.002681583,0.0032409,0.0006359746],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.945219,0.04263191,0.002641651,0.0045759,0.004341727,0.0005897863],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004045853,0.00006471016,0.001194202,0.0002994308,0.00003977786,0.00015676,0.003313093,0.0005858617,0.0003808466,0.9674965,0.002854659,0.02357366],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002436683,0.00002825464,0.0008656168,0.0003272538,0.00002366232,0.00004822089,0.004160164,0.003293317,0.0005960212,0.9826823,0.007928059,0.00002266134],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.06630117,0.003167371,0.6022596,0.04868487,0.001910499,0.00146967,0.002471039,0.0007570855,0.2729788],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5768639,0.002214704,0.3964366,0.004928473,0.001058163,0.003419214,0.003344333,0.0003392817,0.01139527],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03035754,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1605479,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1868152977817475,"score_gpt":0.3328348221512056,"score_spread":0.1460195243694582,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}