{"id":"W4411472363","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2505085122","title":"Diffusion-limited settling of highly porous particles in density-stratified fluids","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Settling; Buoyancy; Mechanics; Drag; Stratification (seeds); Stratified flows; Thermal diffusivity; Porous medium; Diffusion; Density contrast; Physics; Classical mechanics; Statistical physics; Porosity; Stratified flow; Geology; Thermodynamics; Turbulence; Geotechnical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002434556,0.0002312269,0.000248357,0.0004037965,0.0003150738,0.0004514836,0.0003015271,0.0003736969,0.0001798235],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008884777,0.0001617502,0.0003252125,0.0001725426,0.0009305311,0.0005563947,0.0004384174,0.0002830394,0.00005501782],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006745167,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006426395,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006188413,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00416413,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999907,0.00001085047,0.000007465164,0.00002218296,0.00003027769,0.00002217219],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996767,0.0001474743,0.00008314715,0.00002296961,0.00004357985,0.00002603707],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001176633,0.0001226217,0.00743394,0.0001236326,0.00003803392,0.0004244089,0.0002382733,0.4723118,0.4937584,0.01642198,0.0001248415,0.008884428],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000012842,0.00004809714,0.0015655,0.000003599375,0.000005311826,0.00003205421,0.00002433858,0.9546705,0.04194362,0.001460141,0.0002220632,0.00001196796],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9114197,0.0001948401,0.08682144,0.00008619442,0.00001756614,0.00003502911,0.00003995391,0.00007672068,0.001308419],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9925017,0.0001156457,0.0068373,0.00001431396,0.000003944565,0.00001313495,0.0000223232,0.000005911993,0.0004857724],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006188413,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01230478,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01969667522664206,"score_gpt":0.2489125941985738,"score_spread":0.2292159189719317,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}