{"id":"W4411507891","doi":"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111872","title":"Target trial emulation of cardiovascular outcome trials of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes using real-world data: a systematic review of observational studies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","topic":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","field":"Medicine","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Jewish General Hospital","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; McGill University","keywords":"Observational study; Medicine; Type 2 diabetes; Emulation; Clinical trial; Diabetes mellitus; Meta-analysis; Systematic review; MEDLINE; Outcome (game theory); Randomized controlled trial; Intensive care medicine; Internal medicine; Psychology; Endocrinology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaepi_broad"],"domain":null,"study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_broad"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1671208,0.002379612,0.01702504,0.02105916,0.001282127,0.005633694,0.004431009,0.003774205,0.002500549],"category_scores_gemma":[0.4806101,0.002617757,0.01577322,0.01765596,0.003164112,0.006262622,0.003567203,0.002099027,0.0003444246],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008760211,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01890928,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004781241,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01090127,"domain_scores_codex":[0.6862658,0.1276611,0.1511123,0.01067052,0.02305367,0.001236657],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.373789,0.4894499,0.09565377,0.01303704,0.02682851,0.00124178],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005239418,0.00001816032,0.002986489,0.9355398,0.03827618,0.00009892837,0.0003880845,0.0001413115,0.0001683339,0.0003054595,0.0007324966,0.02082086],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001319245,0.0003438818,0.006816524,0.7895412,0.1889929,0.0003200665,0.0004821625,0.0003179409,0.0005466134,0.0007587235,0.01047323,0.00008751583],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.004896615,0.9835613,0.002637609,0.0009745449,0.0004424103,0.005159688,0.001717498,0.0000501596,0.0005601274],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1527156,0.7941401,0.02115077,0.004254785,0.0005107161,0.02402445,0.002751104,0.00009291815,0.0003596374],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9829749,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8838298,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8697186499513354,"score_gpt":0.6643221108102215,"score_spread":0.2053965391411139,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}