{"id":"W4411516800","doi":"10.1007/s10611-025-10218-5","title":"Gamblers going to war: preventing investment in fraudulent initial coin offerings","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crime Law and Social Change","topic":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Investment (military); Investment banking; Business; Economics; Law and economics; Monetary economics; Financial system; Political science; Finance; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003458313,0.0001286193,0.0003107047,0.0001774804,0.0002030791,0.00004978555,0.000107133,0.00008792085,0.00002261218],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001719735,0.000165885,0.00006198654,0.000211042,0.00004548573,0.0001567926,0.0001401014,0.0001158002,0.00008282933],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001259618,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009184311,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001750475,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006127871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989785,0.00001295723,0.000351364,0.000304787,0.0000335042,0.0003188671],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997552,0.00001384833,0.00008410015,0.00009675588,0.0000128277,0.00003726411],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001976176,0.00005684171,0.00734032,0.0001187701,0.0000172743,0.000006240853,0.008123099,9.075805e-7,0.000008172966,0.9797598,0.0006831588,0.003865722],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001549618,0.0001171024,0.2459823,0.0002046506,0.00001766001,2.913907e-7,0.0009130986,0.0001693448,0.0002211598,0.07720401,0.6730276,0.0005931498],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7602567,0.002001916,0.0003446469,0.001802197,0.0007208594,0.0007218441,0.00004380691,0.00004376032,0.2340643],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9884077,0.0001494195,0.0001097104,0.0102837,0.0002195572,0.0001477956,0.0000074931,0.000012691,0.0006619881],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9025557,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6764593,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06441795260455997,"score_gpt":0.2777322788137325,"score_spread":0.2133143262091726,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}