{"id":"W4411586529","doi":"10.1017/dap.2026.10064","title":"The Attribution Crisis in LLM Search Results: Estimating Ecosystem Exploitation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Data & Policy","topic":"Research Data Management Practices","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Patrick J. McGovern Foundation","keywords":"Attribution; Ecosystem; Environmental science; Ecology; Psychology; Biology; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","scholarly_communication","open_science"],"consensus_categories":["scholarly_communication","open_science"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01018406,0.0002493953,0.0002645397,0.0008061391,0.0003996766,0.007417845,0.01464612,0.0001395991,0.000001127679],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008493508,0.0002093278,0.00004427569,0.001466519,0.00003931608,0.01563211,0.03404234,0.001027689,0.00007127134],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006410741,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001081912,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01216034,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001946858,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946514,0.001328982,0.0008228992,0.001481279,0.001031011,0.0006844598],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9892061,0.001670397,0.0004291528,0.008368728,0.0002246335,0.000100969],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008802697,0.0002117731,0.0001239918,0.001264055,0.0001919408,0.00005779236,0.001986905,0.008972288,0.000008511562,0.6682719,0.1297906,0.1890322],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003672302,0.00002931491,0.0007858778,0.000456947,0.0000130419,0.000002130387,0.0004775597,0.8166471,0.00003062568,0.003631784,0.1772994,0.0002590126],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.0006213919,0.0002702799,0.9070304,0.07701097,0.0007969767,0.001408793,0.009271863,0.0002204665,0.003368841],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1730817,0.017302,0.7085888,0.002919633,0.004625627,0.001896097,0.08544515,0.0001283329,0.006012626],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8076748,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998584,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2467715250817659,"score_gpt":0.466083943034606,"score_spread":0.2193124179528401,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}