{"id":"W4411613525","doi":"10.1016/j.ece.2025.06.006","title":"Causation in chemical engineering education: Application of machine learning in fault diagnosis","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Education for Chemical Engineers","topic":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Causation; Fault (geology); Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Software engineering; Philosophy; Epistemology; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001377276,0.0001470286,0.0002129499,0.0003755013,0.000009990604,0.00001165049,0.00009896903,0.0001458597,0.000007757471],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002635322,0.0001809921,0.00006282252,0.0006536882,0.000009965709,0.00008262457,0.000006568254,0.0002149416,0.000002758793],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003585499,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001115016,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007598432,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000709518,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991189,0.00001014473,0.0004284485,0.0001841762,0.00008780765,0.0001705274],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995866,0.0001274874,0.00004105019,0.0001383006,0.00005799923,0.00004856307],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004782093,0.0007345614,0.01092419,0.002385546,0.00008050344,1.241111e-7,0.001104111,0.3893034,0.4753973,0.01109828,0.002333625,0.1065905],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008391899,0.00001025164,0.0005450793,0.0002387424,0.00001925873,0.00000170944,0.0003628296,0.7919941,0.1735478,0.000213943,0.03193228,0.0002947991],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9459498,0.003057167,0.04289525,0.0006794098,0.002353186,0.001698051,0.00001299253,0.0004378406,0.002916308],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967698,0.00002329663,0.001197953,0.0000373318,0.0000657073,0.001679583,0.00009330617,0.00002420791,0.0001087956],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4026906,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7380642,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003310631150266128,"score_gpt":0.2239232468575701,"score_spread":0.2206126157073039,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}