{"id":"W4411635310","doi":"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111880","title":"Metformin to treat breast cancer: an application of the prevalent new-user design for observational studies with no active comparator","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","topic":"Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre; Jewish General Hospital","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Canada Foundation for Innovation","keywords":"Observational study; Metformin; Medicine; Oncology; Breast cancer; Internal medicine; Comparator; Cancer; Insulin; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1702198,0.003009028,0.007166509,0.002729732,0.003108187,0.003478674,0.004615759,0.005577934,0.005649436],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1633032,0.002254916,0.01222359,0.002447875,0.003234482,0.003132159,0.004311424,0.00448387,0.0004624107],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008367439,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001430468,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00247476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00323513,"domain_scores_codex":[0.6772571,0.2899893,0.0116162,0.01542829,0.004310051,0.001399101],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8466824,0.1088891,0.01034241,0.0279268,0.003931048,0.002228289],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.402284,0.003451486,0.3046319,0.005725699,0.1337939,0.001665568,0.00277294,0.01133518,0.005812617,0.04490404,0.004546708,0.07907611],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.2023739,0.06791277,0.2139084,0.001183533,0.1321495,0.002783081,0.001741285,0.2535235,0.005633167,0.08498293,0.03261957,0.001188195],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5213798,0.009204655,0.4355948,0.002107356,0.00459919,0.01735609,0.003563064,0.0006495929,0.005545482],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8143343,0.0007677698,0.1615651,0.001306215,0.0006457605,0.01747727,0.001306792,0.0001544015,0.002442378],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8297802,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9002191,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2974590623209456,"score_gpt":0.5198137294789871,"score_spread":0.2223546671580415,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}