{"id":"W4411702693","doi":"10.1080/15248372.2025.2521258","title":"How Language Influences Thought: The Case of Multiplying Fractions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cognition and Development","topic":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Linguistics; Cognitive psychology; Mathematics education","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004455547,0.00009377681,0.0002048422,0.000132229,0.0001671743,0.00005988895,0.00006641181,0.00003600465,0.00003973252],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008822857,0.0000561241,0.00004997164,0.0001493783,0.00007124537,0.000160331,0.00005083404,0.0001387631,0.000002036673],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000222567,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001094602,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001676427,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001816871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992106,0.0000441004,0.000419051,0.00006810737,0.0001636966,0.00009445486],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983948,0.0008976558,0.0002985977,0.00005334623,0.0003099951,0.00004563127],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003424854,0.00172397,0.001803048,0.001608313,0.001809326,0.002023544,0.03291881,0.000001679681,0.01216112,0.06307756,0.006672002,0.8758581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006373499,0.0002701037,0.01772451,0.004801498,0.0007079202,0.007606797,0.1606881,0.00007222802,0.3415976,0.4381468,0.02115637,0.0008545032],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9710889,0.0004686685,0.02117542,0.001533029,0.0001310386,0.0002135733,0.000003717594,0.00001301146,0.005372653],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9683954,0.00004632236,0.03083987,0.0002436398,0.00002510456,0.000006567777,7.212561e-7,0.000004271403,0.0004381326],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8750036,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2288674,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03589729391281828,"score_gpt":0.3364283567690992,"score_spread":0.300531062856281,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}