{"id":"W4411709735","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06150-2","title":"Beyond planar: fish schools adopt ladder formations in 3D","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Scientific Reports","topic":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","field":"Engineering","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative; Office of Naval Research; Company of Biologists; James S. McDonnell Foundation","keywords":"Fish <Actinopterygii>; Planar; Computer science; Fishery; Biology; Computer graphics (images)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007150711,0.00009992834,0.0001224579,0.0003502475,0.0001261781,0.0001796529,0.0001037252,0.00008699076,0.0002514235],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005463107,0.00009347699,0.00004139441,0.000734622,0.0000304587,0.0001916396,0.00002758947,0.0001522792,0.00006282161],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004411516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005290537,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008377458,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007184847,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989138,0.00001625219,0.0003942244,0.0002451394,0.0001991528,0.0002314508],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999386,0.00001714398,0.00003677041,0.0004604891,0.00004274948,0.0000569138],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005837157,0.00005108644,0.002711765,0.0001475703,0.00003187976,0.0002069621,0.0003562174,0.001138302,0.03702172,0.003588728,0.9385255,0.01621445],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004404541,0.00001683722,0.004574424,0.0002376696,0.00003321397,0.00008777559,0.0002647971,0.01226878,0.1580161,0.1686643,0.6548684,0.0005272888],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5967619,0.0009230599,0.01381881,0.001943375,0.05858989,0.001412039,0.0000337148,0.001039546,0.3254777],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9844846,0.000009559231,0.005681665,0.0001511769,0.00003578243,0.00005129584,0.0001039422,0.00001440691,0.009467606],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3877227,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3811881,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007512200303886401,"score_gpt":0.2170856210032336,"score_spread":0.2095734206993472,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}