{"id":"W4411717576","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c00890","title":"Bilayer Flow Analysis of Immiscible Fluids in a Microchannel with Surface Heterogeneities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Langmuir","topic":"Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Science and Engineering Research Board; University Grants Commission; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","keywords":"Microchannel; Electrokinetic phenomena; Surface tension; Mechanics; Microfluidics; Electro-osmosis; Materials science; Free surface; Drag; Work (physics); Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Thermodynamics; Physics; Chromatography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001481105,0.0002365324,0.0001781097,0.0004125593,0.0001670048,0.0002429862,0.0001573917,0.0002419051,0.0002250274],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002380655,0.0000669344,0.0001901526,0.0001404263,0.0002636462,0.000293183,0.0001810773,0.0001357869,0.00003796325],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002202403,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003193588,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008243678,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00055698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999363,0.00001125835,0.000003835908,0.00001437775,0.00002295665,0.00001118507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999112,0.00002780707,0.00002279797,0.000007761775,0.00002278154,0.000007701901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009975905,0.00004698727,0.00265824,0.00008712124,0.00001329313,0.0001610076,0.0000602612,0.05972963,0.9239299,0.004344815,0.00004524664,0.008823694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009562983,0.0001040686,0.003271776,0.00000494299,0.000007961845,0.0001073979,0.00004743603,0.8512462,0.143935,0.0007982902,0.0004512386,0.00001591369],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9311599,0.00023011,0.0677811,0.00003461353,0.00001166286,0.00001725731,0.00004375543,0.00006365406,0.000657958],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9825599,0.000134712,0.01678899,0.000006925071,0.000003888515,0.00001204256,0.00002909564,0.000005629141,0.0004588954],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0008243678,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001639187,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004119433759940477,"score_gpt":0.1975715375543837,"score_spread":0.1934521037944432,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}