{"id":"W4411718334","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123883","title":"Development of a 3D ray tracing-based direct solar shading model for urban building energy simulation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Renewable Energy","topic":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada","keywords":"Ray tracing (physics); Shading; Solar energy; Distributed ray tracing; Computer graphics (images); Building energy simulation; Tracing; Environmental science; Energy (signal processing); Computer science; Physics; Optics; Engineering; Energy performance; Electrical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000245569,0.0001559397,0.0002056005,0.0001160017,0.0001929679,0.00001994321,0.0001437417,0.00009773971,0.00005045657],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005255294,0.0001593229,0.00006553686,0.000293106,0.00003316084,0.0001558333,0.00005203616,0.00002695397,8.040703e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003476207,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001045656,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001385027,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001475669,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987845,0.00003193022,0.0003591993,0.0003367901,0.0002057634,0.0002817545],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994596,0.0001577746,0.0001096719,0.0001963338,0.00002039704,0.0000562506],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002989037,0.00004393656,0.0005958866,0.00002273378,0.00001552761,2.111266e-7,0.0001887882,0.9155906,0.0753047,0.000170155,0.0004908379,0.007546718],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003368274,0.00001296071,0.00006271006,0.00005931381,0.00001774346,5.614562e-8,0.000008652752,0.7432963,0.2454413,0.0003546109,0.01028477,0.0001247717],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04331471,0.00008050216,0.9515953,0.00001417617,0.00009461505,0.00008836726,0.000005365707,0.00005245144,0.004754516],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9229672,0.000003284886,0.07271827,0.0001274745,0.00002348003,0.00007590128,0.00003625474,0.00001866516,0.004029498],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8796524,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6497,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01458979006018961,"score_gpt":0.2370367865802733,"score_spread":0.2224469965200837,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}