{"id":"W4411718880","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c03911","title":"Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"ACS Nano","topic":"Micro and Nano Robotics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Waterloo","funders":"H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies; Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems; Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation; Air Force Office of Scientific Research; National Key Research and Development Program of China; European Regional Development Fund; HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council; H2020 European Research Council; Shanghai Rising-Star Program; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality; NextGenerationEU; Israel Science Foundation; ShanghaiTech University; National Research Foundation of Korea; Army Research Office; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Generalitat de Catalunya; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems; Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee; Key Technologies Research and Development Program; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Nanorobotics; Commercialization; Nanotechnology; Computer science; Sustainability; Systems engineering; Biomedicine; Engineering ethics; Software deployment; Grand Challenges; Management science; Engineering management; Engineering; Business; Artificial intelligence; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007728511,0.0003751073,0.001609814,0.0004098419,0.00005511822,0.00001395693,0.0006155723,0.0003375655,0.0002019134],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009540782,0.0003148035,0.0004614045,0.0008137847,0.00008296119,0.00002828745,0.0002700387,0.0002913545,0.0001594935],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002971602,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000548067,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002280007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.03022e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985847,0.00004614139,0.0006178495,0.0003541937,0.00008510303,0.0003119958],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987067,0.0000951667,0.0004157744,0.0006635703,0.00008132795,0.0000374375],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[7.493308e-7,0.00007982913,0.00004524751,0.004774141,0.0002336277,0.000001358848,0.000006617813,5.506879e-7,0.0001120301,0.007827197,0.00481784,0.9821008],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001286239,0.00001976943,2.683109e-7,0.006779803,0.0005530104,0.000002044458,0.000007584671,8.830538e-8,0.00141129,0.0006685807,0.990174,0.0002549308],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00000580208,0.9912741,0.0004703042,0.00001967784,0.0003275919,0.0004166098,0.0001498033,0.0000332852,0.007302887],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00004286838,0.9868761,0.0009091098,0.000009065395,0.0001376291,0.00004250672,0.0001677213,0.0000346753,0.01178038],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9853562,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999304,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01463669866780375,"score_gpt":0.2962756050126011,"score_spread":0.2816389063447973,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}