{"id":"W4411718880","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c03911","title":"Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"ACS Nano","topic":"Micro and Nano Robotics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Waterloo","funders":"H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies; Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems; Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation; Air Force Office of Scientific Research; National Key Research and Development Program of China; European Regional Development Fund; HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council; H2020 European Research Council; Shanghai Rising-Star Program; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality; NextGenerationEU; Israel Science Foundation; ShanghaiTech University; National Research Foundation of Korea; Army Research Office; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Generalitat de Catalunya; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems; Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee; Key Technologies Research and Development Program; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Nanorobotics; Commercialization; Nanotechnology; Computer science; Sustainability; Systems engineering; Biomedicine; Engineering ethics; Software deployment; Grand Challenges; Management science; Engineering management; Engineering; Business; Artificial intelligence; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00172283,0.001296206,0.0008665331,0.003062543,0.0006878437,0.00180097,0.001168333,0.002010444,0.005815525],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001964488,0.0005989273,0.0008458119,0.002186249,0.0007045416,0.002772448,0.001339037,0.00288551,0.003612143],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001657797,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004551827,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002399245,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002689657,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993357,0.0001315046,0.00006144708,0.0001196301,0.0002742639,0.00007746748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989544,0.0005000238,0.00008576723,0.00002982678,0.0003658552,0.00006414352],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008117019,0.000159196,0.0002263093,0.02735081,0.00006766699,0.0005204294,0.0002317578,0.001932994,0.007465739,0.1085857,0.06727071,0.7861077],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004925367,0.00005510799,0.0001132941,0.001828856,0.00002087598,0.0002738986,0.00004670073,0.0001706835,0.001029637,0.007015178,0.9894261,0.00001467462],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000342258,0.9819295,0.002083353,0.002477529,0.001096602,0.0000434448,0.00008576571,0.00004593594,0.01189565],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.003141719,0.9885755,0.003306315,0.001362702,0.0002972243,0.00008400233,0.0001628108,0.00001436921,0.003055376],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005815525,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0194549,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01463669866780375,"score_gpt":0.2962756050126011,"score_spread":0.2816389063447973,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}