{"id":"W4411786920","doi":"10.1080/02702711.2025.2523046","title":"Listening Comprehension and Decoding as Indirect and Direct Predictors of Reading Comprehension in Grades 1, 2, and 3","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Reading Psychology","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Prince Edward Island; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Psychology; Listening comprehension; Reading comprehension; Comprehension; Reading (process); Linguistics; Active listening; Cognitive psychology; Mathematics education; Communication","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006336897,0.0002794188,0.0006731527,0.0008850957,0.0001464596,0.00004120059,0.0001150573,0.0002650146,0.00002207905],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001248025,0.0002692621,0.00003868053,0.0004339259,0.0002588123,0.0001022759,0.000137322,0.0003197877,0.000003981729],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003954095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001764511,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000205879,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001304721,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977965,0.0003212045,0.0006091139,0.0007492932,0.0001124229,0.0004114216],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985189,0.000853896,0.0001880492,0.0002903884,0.00003961052,0.000109092],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003223673,0.0001055387,0.9095238,0.0001753491,0.0001679879,0.00006286847,0.01093979,0.000002924074,0.01579266,0.004275294,0.001169338,0.05746211],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002025255,0.0002207982,0.9840817,0.001299873,0.0000606988,0.0003015514,0.0007872994,0.000182742,0.0008172013,0.001328634,0.008576739,0.0003174377],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9626502,0.002849783,0.00008401662,0.0002746702,0.0008903245,0.000260717,0.000003484531,0.00007963171,0.03290711],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9964201,0.0007189459,0.001551421,0.0003251118,0.00003352695,0.00002194236,0.000009899335,0.00002497358,0.0008940821],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.074558,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999976,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01950782593629838,"score_gpt":0.3419674746706978,"score_spread":0.3224596487343994,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}