{"id":"W4411882499","doi":"10.5539/jel.v14n6p222","title":"Self-Directed Learning Development through Blended Learning in English Opportunity Expansion Schools","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Education and Learning","topic":"Higher Education Learning Practices","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Research and Innovation Foundation","keywords":"Blended learning; Mathematics education; Psychology; Pedagogy; Educational technology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004388542,0.0001504509,0.0002763286,0.0004397849,0.001283972,0.0002993727,0.0001956465,0.000155591,0.0003058637],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01603767,0.0001590453,0.00005269646,0.0009246028,0.00005924815,0.001153039,0.00004168794,0.002544174,0.00001222046],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004334808,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00807735,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002668498,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008216337,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959035,0.002479114,0.000658641,0.000222112,0.0004330584,0.0003035567],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970667,0.0008747299,0.0008920348,0.00007563371,0.0008806816,0.0002102453],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005532222,0.0005405734,0.4444469,0.00008747348,0.00007945079,0.000004245807,0.4567858,0.001586787,0.0001160352,0.001329895,0.00228664,0.09268093],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003069871,0.00004696212,0.06172965,0.0003002511,0.00002509402,0.000003757775,0.1807491,0.00006941202,0.00003620695,0.00007103442,0.7565278,0.0001337311],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9529048,0.00120587,0.0001411158,0.005443474,0.001736653,0.000169132,2.923358e-8,0.0003012466,0.03809766],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9622233,0.0009849377,0.01405077,0.0002398671,0.0003908647,0.00001108043,0.00000439415,0.00001553672,0.02207925],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7542412,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999757,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03067543978656673,"score_gpt":0.3730922882590549,"score_spread":0.3424168484724882,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}