{"id":"W4411948284","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adv2756","title":"Enhanced marine biological pump as a trigger for the onset of the late Paleozoic ice age","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science Advances","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China; University of Miami; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Paleozoic; Geology; Foreland basin; Productivity; Carbon cycle; Paleontology; Isotopes of carbon; δ13C; Excursion; Ice age; Earth science; Ecology; Total organic carbon; Oceanography; Physical geography; Stable isotope ratio; Ecosystem; Structural basin; Glacial period; Biology; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001933879,0.0001586857,0.0001335292,0.0003314514,0.0003389387,0.0005858227,0.0001517735,0.0002658273,0.001165416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004218732,0.000130245,0.00009638932,0.0002008998,0.0003461016,0.0002963914,0.0003664444,0.0003095424,0.00009604845],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006836939,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003716038,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01655871,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03710403,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999545,0.000006575066,0.000003420318,0.00001496589,0.000007536912,0.00001297848],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998294,0.00002353252,0.00006163277,0.000008383475,0.00003500665,0.00004194749],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002301008,0.00003450868,0.908226,0.0000334029,0.00004098538,0.0003043744,0.000505192,0.0005538304,0.0832307,0.0006463905,0.0001507199,0.00604374],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003343964,0.00001896443,0.997264,0.000002216643,0.000006634506,0.00004016592,0.000177093,0.0003111367,0.001780395,0.00006009784,0.000333702,0.00000220874],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992591,0.00005594087,0.00006991756,0.00004597333,0.000001926172,0.000001581647,0.000051737,0.000004742561,0.0005091474],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997404,0.00002732484,0.00006037177,0.0000148578,0.000001837627,0.000001209813,0.0000427702,0.00000137128,0.0001098305],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01655871,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03292465,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01686506458518577,"score_gpt":0.2736530657604067,"score_spread":0.2567880011752209,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}