{"id":"W4411972169","doi":"10.1017/jfm.2025.10228","title":"Modulation leading to frequency downshifting of water waves in the vicinity of the Benjamin–Feir transition","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Division of Mathematical Sciences; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; University of Cambridge","keywords":"Modulation (music); Frequency modulation; Materials science; Physics; Acoustics; Telecommunications; Computer science; Radio frequency","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00104045,0.00006447668,0.000166292,0.0001290864,0.00008072535,0.00001490399,0.0001730698,0.00004760843,0.00001882722],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000625044,0.00003004419,0.00009292307,0.0002646117,0.00001445717,0.0001167643,0.000006366605,0.0001652073,8.739362e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007391944,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000365143,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001519931,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002163595,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990134,0.0001305693,0.0004380227,0.00006105712,0.0002372092,0.0001197171],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995574,0.00008748399,0.0001407267,0.0001042694,0.00008921867,0.0000208366],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001993132,0.00009500202,0.00605297,0.0002895869,0.00009190458,0.00002093209,0.02702259,0.2177409,0.6529408,0.002764829,0.0001091533,0.09267204],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009878072,0.0006653512,0.1326973,0.001514752,0.0001565509,0.0001090477,0.008526299,0.5223608,0.2848098,0.04779597,0.00012717,0.0002491561],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.994875,0.0001115204,0.002753349,0.001310107,0.0003830299,0.00009518638,0.000004942935,0.000001347267,0.0004655892],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99866,0.00002529704,0.001031346,0.0002164295,0.00005465547,2.700216e-9,0.000001785143,0.000001462225,0.000008971389],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3681309,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1225166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01172193055151237,"score_gpt":0.218898810396382,"score_spread":0.2071768798448697,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}