{"id":"W4412072348","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103715","title":"Establishing the validity of a Volunteered Geographic Information mapping approach for measuring the spatial and social distribution of police stop experiences in a large urban area","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Geography","topic":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University; Université de Montréal; McGill University; International Centre for Comparative Criminology; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"","keywords":"Volunteered geographic information; Geography; Cartography; Geographic information system; Regional science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003070417,0.0001344285,0.0002727575,0.0004136568,0.001297335,0.0001227086,0.0003542644,0.0001109786,0.000001379558],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001358134,0.00009663989,0.0001379196,0.001643704,0.0006743222,0.0004414934,0.0001169826,0.0001409588,8.954043e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002277949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005898428,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01096525,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001709796,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983244,0.0001257129,0.0006074477,0.0001380718,0.0004600562,0.0003443405],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986873,0.0003898124,0.0004499798,0.0001567447,0.000295501,0.00002070684],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004996685,0.00005622198,0.3551448,0.0002675,0.00009705689,1.077975e-8,0.5696143,0.00002244838,0.00001332883,0.07247861,0.0001694077,0.00208637],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006869308,0.00001509495,0.36729,0.00003931413,0.00003632092,1.197238e-7,0.622763,0.0004698009,0.00003218779,0.00092256,0.00761418,0.0001304929],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9571818,0.000113088,0.03565479,0.0002959791,0.0001471731,0.001666244,0.0001017246,0.00003945182,0.004799714],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990274,0.00002597123,0.00008749861,0.00006415701,0.00004717462,0.0006779414,0.00006504852,0.000002696948,0.000002063601],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07155605,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9978184,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02419288594526865,"score_gpt":0.245865472991581,"score_spread":0.2216725870463124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}