{"id":"W4412072348","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103715","title":"Establishing the validity of a Volunteered Geographic Information mapping approach for measuring the spatial and social distribution of police stop experiences in a large urban area","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Geography","topic":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University; Université de Montréal; McGill University; International Centre for Comparative Criminology; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"","keywords":"Volunteered geographic information; Geography; Cartography; Geographic information system; Regional science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1326102,0.0005956455,0.0008290858,0.004371282,0.003727278,0.004907098,0.002151004,0.001811762,0.002253826],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3031447,0.0006244107,0.001614484,0.004453461,0.006015596,0.004344246,0.006744476,0.001552752,0.0007115507],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003904262,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01035405,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02276105,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02488594,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8749651,0.09411155,0.006551397,0.007124535,0.01528091,0.001966477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6279376,0.2380317,0.01810263,0.05044639,0.06199256,0.003489011],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001137277,0.001388228,0.8397076,0.0007006307,0.0007495073,0.0003951306,0.04424304,0.00489283,0.001724715,0.0230032,0.00250318,0.07955467],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009876408,0.005316303,0.7455944,0.001598305,0.0008172614,0.0007128049,0.06708989,0.07739139,0.004619749,0.04977142,0.04578273,0.0003180055],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8504487,0.0003190266,0.09542733,0.001226587,0.0002868093,0.00602144,0.001211752,0.00008683352,0.04497161],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9515793,0.00009475221,0.04093728,0.0002766367,0.00005126144,0.005305602,0.0005826708,0.00005227776,0.00112027],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1326102,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7013181,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02419288594526865,"score_gpt":0.245865472991581,"score_spread":0.2216725870463124,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}