{"id":"W4412134464","doi":"10.1177/25152459251348431","title":"Bestiary of Questionable Research Practices in Psychology","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science","topic":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; St. Francis Xavier University; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem; Magyar Tudományos Akadémia; National Institute for Health and Care Research; Leverhulme Trust; John Templeton Foundation; National Research, Development and Innovation Office; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Bestiary; Psychology; Psychoanalysis; Literature; Art","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"methods","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"medium","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.525518,0.0002126489,0.001759584,0.002195505,0.0001692431,0.0003967507,0.003391167,0.000188604,0.0007976326],"category_scores_gemma":[0.5050954,0.0001148901,0.0001429247,0.01511301,0.001858848,0.002816565,0.0004647226,0.001059238,0.0000398025],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005079884,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001247279,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001263163,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003291986,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9179262,0.0652972,0.008066174,0.003396617,0.004422687,0.000891102],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8963999,0.09038132,0.008740357,0.003205343,0.001114538,0.0001585394],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009633092,0.0004310431,0.3759062,0.00004757781,0.000004791467,0.0000198612,0.0002153547,0.0001306197,0.001274212,0.0416451,0.0002981898,0.5799307],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003171866,0.0001703518,0.2928721,0.0001257787,0.000009328211,0.0000180425,0.001152331,0.00206091,0.00006318614,0.5815638,0.121514,0.0001330208],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.393971,0.07165504,0.05523948,0.01481585,0.001718048,0.00166571,0.000003573868,0.000009110714,0.4609222],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5321785,0.01019433,0.4564042,0.0006134915,0.00002275086,0.00009273524,3.453094e-7,0.0000032844,0.0004903433],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5797977,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8733518,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8395444366525378,"score_gpt":0.8045002882908695,"score_spread":0.03504414836166825,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}