{"id":"W4412184891","doi":"10.5539/jel.v15n1p32","title":"Testing by Examples: Framing Example-Based Questions Either Inductively or Deductively","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Education and Learning","topic":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"St. John's University","keywords":"Framing (construction); Psychology; Mathematics education; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0112319,0.0007183911,0.0006557716,0.00181715,0.0004181586,0.001648741,0.001090004,0.0009871677,0.002236983],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1017542,0.0003626317,0.0004945139,0.0009536449,0.001279375,0.002897211,0.001827097,0.0008494366,0.0004364854],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005596221,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007166021,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006272655,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006299609,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9860684,0.01030642,0.0006867689,0.0008465535,0.001717997,0.0003739063],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8897486,0.09669857,0.005328915,0.003433847,0.004158769,0.0006312972],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002001347,0.003215621,0.1079835,0.00169544,0.000211008,0.00126753,0.05633186,0.01029607,0.05128914,0.01834137,0.002661665,0.7447055],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001122089,0.01656798,0.2916627,0.004814745,0.000988116,0.01089788,0.09268785,0.1627791,0.143935,0.1736324,0.100026,0.0008862252],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.845839,0.0004644529,0.144336,0.0004676276,0.00006371527,0.0008908319,0.00008926922,0.0001824948,0.007666521],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.872506,0.0004169791,0.125059,0.0002500127,0.00003533482,0.0003734224,0.0001929596,0.00002893978,0.001137317],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0112319,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05940068,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0858589785642052,"score_gpt":0.4212022591926861,"score_spread":0.3353432806284808,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}