{"id":"W4412371431","doi":"10.61093/bel.9(2).83-93.2025","title":"International Students in Canadian Higher Education: Ethical Challenges in Employment and Financial Stability in the Greater Toronto Area","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Business Ethics and Leadership","topic":"Higher Education Governance and Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Financial stability; Political science; Business; Finance; Financial system","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002588209,0.00007567996,0.00009444822,0.00008177604,0.0001386612,0.0001020532,0.0002007489,0.000275413,0.000132914],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000417254,0.000064249,0.000007681264,0.000220783,0.0001492928,0.0001149398,0.00002396737,0.0005251713,0.00000101823],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005349726,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00228418,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.4904484,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9697775,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987326,0.0003427691,0.0001686132,0.0002163328,0.0003206443,0.0002190645],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994801,0.0002484949,0.00002481544,0.00008616132,0.0001054403,0.00005503202],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001300074,0.0001073364,0.7706739,0.00004139994,0.000002436618,0.000002385719,0.1775918,5.525317e-7,3.877605e-7,0.04841788,0.0004440362,0.002704934],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001622965,0.000002204472,0.8065186,0.0001108613,0.000001142143,1.310935e-7,0.02254795,2.728656e-7,3.127204e-7,0.001547753,0.1690498,0.00005866407],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4490991,0.002464546,7.943945e-7,0.5340493,0.0007608132,0.0002411107,0.000001828393,0.000004397666,0.01337806],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9872116,0.001548259,0.00001786865,0.01008243,0.00009337448,0.00007517591,0.000002937931,0.00000234045,0.0009659898],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5381125,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5129447,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.266850311974912,"score_gpt":0.4002629804204372,"score_spread":0.1334126684455251,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}