{"id":"W4412383593","doi":"10.13005/bpj/3171","title":"Automated Brain Tumor Detection with Advanced Machine Learning Techniques","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal","topic":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Brain tumor; Machine learning; Medicine; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006136056,0.0001616833,0.0001831381,0.0004384863,0.0006048896,0.00005757235,0.0002450842,0.0001000012,0.0004332164],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005956077,0.0001254662,0.00005827835,0.0009067804,0.000381741,0.0001675864,0.00004485727,0.001058646,0.0000299465],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001938113,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001941973,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002714113,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002389819,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980997,0.0005395908,0.0003503145,0.0003270224,0.0002924696,0.0003908363],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99907,0.0003057429,0.0002375387,0.00008103886,0.0000713441,0.000234362],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002799043,0.0001196412,0.00005796595,0.00001042615,0.00001451214,0.0001124073,0.00002343795,0.000006176152,0.9215943,0.00003472163,0.00283145,0.07491502],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001283428,0.0004741879,0.0007377323,0.00002996539,0.00002788545,0.001400619,0.00003238126,0.01424884,0.7950736,0.0000829995,0.1864866,0.0001217008],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.874687,0.0002490407,0.07751872,0.03439359,0.004452425,0.0008972388,0.00001020212,0.004415247,0.003376513],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916001,0.00006890432,0.0006101673,0.006689961,0.0001950869,0.00005146656,0.000001981684,0.00001715144,0.0007652028],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1836552,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5116363,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01329822692043587,"score_gpt":0.3227952230395444,"score_spread":0.3094969961191086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}