{"id":"W4412387939","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-89134-2_2","title":"The End of Canadian Exceptionalism? A Brief History of Canadian Populism","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Palgrave studies in populisms","topic":"Canadian Identity and History","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Populism; Exceptionalism; History; Political science; Law; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000872809,0.0002879809,0.0007129901,0.007094112,0.001179936,0.00004171473,0.0007392855,0.0004496861,0.0009134361],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006119976,0.0003325462,0.0002993394,0.0005262282,0.005553951,0.00003496075,0.00007505278,0.0004914398,0.00002179125],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01344292,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01577843,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9997077,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9999977,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974712,0.0001128554,0.0007513533,0.0003947225,0.0006106648,0.0006592774],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979674,0.0002548814,0.0003965643,0.0004774288,0.0004435657,0.000460133],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004324837,0.000001891108,0.00004426364,0.00006240312,0.000125116,0.00003720029,0.01629484,5.124226e-7,3.920922e-7,0.6965324,0.2835389,0.003357663],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001200643,0.00001495695,0.0004727582,0.0003167014,0.00007861464,9.006609e-7,0.002405331,1.750571e-7,1.346202e-7,0.0570116,0.939317,0.0002616888],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002225808,0.05446906,1.486178e-7,0.0037805,0.004460454,0.0004043815,0.0009978528,0.0000111499,0.9358542],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01471336,0.05310509,0.00004442866,0.0006268527,0.0003903821,0.00003793242,0.00007627162,0.00003646393,0.9309692],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6557781,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999999,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0538659161949042,"score_gpt":0.2750160177094777,"score_spread":0.2211501015145735,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}