{"id":"W4412455406","doi":"10.1063/5.0265414","title":"Impact of particle number and cell size in fully implicit charge- and energy-conserving particle-in-cell schemes","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Plasmas","topic":"Plasma Diagnostics and Applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Pacific Insight Electronics (Canada); TRIUMF","funders":"Mitacs","keywords":"Physics; Particle-in-cell; Particle (ecology); Charge (physics); Energy (signal processing); Statistical physics; Plasma; Nuclear physics; Particle physics; Quantum mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002122567,0.000728639,0.0007638758,0.0002915385,0.0007288001,0.001376428,0.001819695,0.00129088,0.002018366],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0144319,0.0004050655,0.0004580519,0.0003991448,0.001177017,0.001651171,0.001238008,0.001112733,0.0003074738],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006508252,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001618543,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008692175,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008121159,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991574,0.0003020807,0.00006950195,0.00007373143,0.0002858521,0.0001113863],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9898846,0.007810508,0.0004361587,0.0008906429,0.0007025945,0.0002755126],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006734364,0.0003786655,0.007139088,0.0003068933,0.00007792664,0.0002538385,0.0003836419,0.9272996,0.01437679,0.01940928,0.0009384645,0.02876242],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007116193,0.0001634565,0.000399518,0.00004676671,0.00002053063,0.00002947546,0.00007214848,0.9890615,0.007888459,0.001295271,0.0009349231,0.00001677274],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8335572,0.001990746,0.1396654,0.001575226,0.0003375101,0.0002683541,0.0003570785,0.001050772,0.02119772],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9441568,0.000382149,0.05330229,0.0001800059,0.00002164594,0.0001226015,0.000153497,0.0001790285,0.001501931],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008692175,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01728314,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006037138194163506,"score_gpt":0.2315383415346124,"score_spread":0.2255012033404489,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}