{"id":"W4412494784","doi":"10.1016/j.compchemeng.2025.109278","title":"A deep learning framework for cyberattack detection and classification in Industrial Control Systems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers & Chemical Engineering","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Alberta","keywords":"Industrial control system; Computer science; Deep learning; Artificial intelligence; Control (management); Machine learning","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006151678,0.0007767577,0.0005424411,0.0006123579,0.0003413037,0.00073565,0.001373803,0.0008189572,0.001369624],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001319409,0.0004319983,0.0006289303,0.0005032737,0.000451407,0.001004859,0.0008786208,0.001379794,0.0003867438],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001311883,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001367088,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02389005,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02138447,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997085,0.0000425045,0.00001866147,0.00009088933,0.00008275883,0.00005666334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997106,0.0000923645,0.00003262777,0.00002936787,0.0001111045,0.00002392911],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001004748,0.0001265466,0.002177238,0.00007555014,0.00007099207,0.00009409112,0.00004189727,0.7825763,0.00443034,0.006685993,0.003022944,0.2005976],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001102203,0.000008232983,0.00008025844,0.00000209956,0.000002359568,0.000003456403,0.000001557534,0.9984117,0.0003699042,0.0009340103,0.0001837868,0.000001463578],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03785912,0.0009519171,0.9554492,0.0005026541,0.00008901502,0.00007116755,0.0002617829,0.002469864,0.002345328],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8163183,0.0006378606,0.1759744,0.0003563854,0.00007614083,0.0001683835,0.0008717829,0.0001246906,0.005472023],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02389005,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04750198,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009636274749605435,"score_gpt":0.2105910719366024,"score_spread":0.2009547971869969,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}