{"id":"W4412514804","doi":"10.3390/batteries11070275","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Management Challenges and Safety Considerations in Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Batteries","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Lithium (medication); Computer science; Ion; Automotive engineering; Risk analysis (engineering); Environmental science; Business; Engineering; Psychology; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001528477,0.0004026517,0.001525076,0.0004953187,0.00005870738,0.00002310762,0.000223995,0.0001938123,0.00002250262],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001088416,0.0003644737,0.0001416215,0.0002920598,0.0001507707,0.0001245013,0.0002358547,0.0002998422,0.000002948921],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001017292,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004503112,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":9.623219e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004489299,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982952,0.0001041067,0.0007490595,0.0003591978,0.0001453842,0.0003469815],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984406,0.0008911644,0.0001181933,0.0004469718,0.000077957,0.00002510839],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000348441,0.000008458395,4.874459e-7,0.3857742,0.00009273134,0.000006523428,0.00002927219,0.0000048541,0.00001626322,0.0005964941,0.0004764149,0.6129909],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001874792,0.0000559662,0.00007850607,0.1154891,0.0001598549,0.00001491743,0.00009848603,0.000008771148,0.00009522717,0.0005434601,0.882926,0.0003422393],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001612655,0.9961116,0.000174531,0.0004285408,0.00008524505,0.002176517,0.0001252981,0.0001662128,0.0007158724],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00002150313,0.9970331,0.001285104,0.0000961225,0.00002045019,0.001361774,0.00006026627,0.00004759051,0.00007407117],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8824496,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998807,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05271311149410777,"score_gpt":0.3238481573488166,"score_spread":0.2711350458547088,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}