{"id":"W4412564402","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112579","title":"A review of the literature on the applications of machine learning in forensic anthropology","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Forensic Science International","topic":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Amgen (Canada); General Electric (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Forensic anthropology; Forensic science; Data science; Computer science; Anthropology; History; Archaeology; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006966928,0.0002150321,0.0007253088,0.0003639125,0.0004074542,0.00001402735,0.00115212,0.00009063131,0.0005062767],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007643756,0.00009870932,0.0003184872,0.0005800667,0.03983359,0.00005670197,0.0004606959,0.000586265,0.000007478915],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006325323,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003334843,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003138579,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002846174,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984225,0.0001555583,0.0005928475,0.0003159555,0.0003109909,0.0002021557],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979488,0.0006893414,0.000556895,0.0003562539,0.0004351827,0.00001359027],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004609637,0.00003555543,0.00004386376,0.005713585,0.00007045425,9.023038e-7,0.001214049,3.157656e-7,2.642552e-8,0.7742788,0.002861382,0.2157765],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005648436,0.00006794921,0.000005926207,0.06476966,0.00009954727,0.0000135185,0.00081827,0.000008437768,0.000005964619,0.00357186,0.9304858,0.00009652823],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000005789205,0.9777973,0.000005057989,0.00890996,0.001507516,0.0006551135,0.0001882091,0.000009740043,0.01092137],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008057141,0.9961891,0.00002524868,0.0007694678,0.0001420005,0.0001215592,0.00005107694,0.000006158047,0.001889689],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9276245,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9627794,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03483886749084428,"score_gpt":0.3437216584618438,"score_spread":0.3088827909709995,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}