{"id":"W4412592332","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-443-40294-4.00045-1","title":"Rare Earth Recovery from Ion-adsorption Clays by Ion Exchange Leaching","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Leaching (pedology); Adsorption; Ion exchange; Rare earth; Ion; Earth (classical element); Ion-exchange resin; Environmental chemistry; Chemistry; Inorganic chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Soil science; Soil water; Organic chemistry; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001156398,0.0004236979,0.0004092414,0.0002098328,0.000110035,0.0001179789,0.0001649429,0.0005291976,0.00137418],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001719336,0.0004715772,0.0001810873,0.00002022831,0.0000244444,0.0001930647,0.00003846824,0.0007351178,0.0004251257],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001103219,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004959172,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002104369,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008267467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986456,0.00002466006,0.0004553504,0.0003940733,0.0002640139,0.0002163216],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999266,0.00009246664,0.0001345698,0.0003430297,0.00007197815,0.00009196146],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001671335,0.000005362337,0.000001530992,0.0002687584,0.0001146626,0.000005257296,0.0001973125,0.0001169574,0.003372586,0.0005249752,0.02476981,0.9706061],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001894282,0.00002036061,0.000004516513,0.000538279,0.00006920214,0.000002949123,0.000009763796,0.0002997384,0.001850261,0.002747041,0.9938267,0.0004417965],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001472164,0.007123741,0.0007134124,0.0000396309,0.001812139,0.0003123921,0.0002593145,0.000500525,0.9890916],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001447554,0.00238611,0.0001969829,0.0003041696,0.0006225303,0.0000436569,0.0008142384,0.00009574236,0.994089],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9701643,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997736,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01313440549338092,"score_gpt":0.2244491667786583,"score_spread":0.2113147612852774,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}