{"id":"W4412641118","doi":"10.1038/s43247-025-02569-7","title":"Widespread 20th-century increases in Canadian lake primary production and the roles of climate warming, solar irradiance and human impacts","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Communications Earth & Environment","topic":"Fish Ecology and Management Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; Université de Sherbrooke; Université du Québec à Montréal; McGill University; Université de Montréal; Université Laval","funders":"Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Irradiance; Solar irradiance; Environmental science; Climate change; Global warming; Production (economics); Primary (astronomy); Atmospheric sciences; Climatology; Meteorology; Geography; Ecology; Geology; Biology; Economics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002125566,0.0001826501,0.000105429,0.0009223937,0.001072501,0.0006936815,0.0001800378,0.0001629062,0.00100612],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005283466,0.0001039775,0.0001877158,0.001684339,0.0004808362,0.0003153681,0.0004229086,0.0001889516,0.00006049001],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005959063,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004147522,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9161009,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9722268,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998847,0.00000432468,0.000004128985,0.00003128534,0.00004725949,0.00002832784],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996372,0.00001655491,0.0000974854,0.00001664,0.0001962122,0.00003584055],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009378563,0.00001933867,0.9207637,0.0001664199,0.0001656648,0.0002285674,0.001520399,0.001218289,0.02068975,0.0007590025,0.001427262,0.05294774],"study_design_scores_gemma":[5.221085e-7,0.00000282675,0.9975661,0.000004711846,0.00000781676,0.00002359793,0.0001283609,0.0001160344,0.0003405703,0.00002955903,0.001776996,0.000002943471],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9908024,0.001880866,0.0005534141,0.0002658594,0.00001168392,0.00000905876,0.001959459,0.00003482823,0.004482432],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968436,0.0009803746,0.0004454298,0.00005144677,0.00000692884,0.000003304898,0.00070819,0.000004736839,0.0009559799],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08389914,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1687864,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007119482800174352,"score_gpt":0.2168842234649125,"score_spread":0.2097647406647381,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}