{"id":"W4412664222","doi":"10.1111/insr.70003","title":"The Role of Dice in the Emergence of the Probability Calculus","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Statistical Review","topic":"Probability and Statistical Research","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Dice; Calculus (dental); Mathematics; Computer science; Statistics; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02721146,0.0005774588,0.00128881,0.005427952,0.00175938,0.006820847,0.0015532,0.001714888,0.002504668],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05629681,0.000619676,0.0008098512,0.003673921,0.02544511,0.00942474,0.00354268,0.007647947,0.0007096431],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005388461,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002683149,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003043817,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001245344,"domain_scores_codex":[0.981218,0.01175004,0.001006133,0.002102178,0.003510224,0.0004133903],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9167567,0.06769637,0.002903465,0.0044461,0.007212798,0.0009845971],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009644957,0.000003214778,0.0002115284,0.00007169673,0.000008245646,0.000031376,0.0002586108,0.0008864505,0.00003963104,0.9873179,0.000924003,0.01023773],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004700485,0.00001551943,0.0005710754,0.000147715,0.000006887252,0.0001027695,0.00008154386,0.003816481,0.0001239424,0.9607595,0.03434294,0.00002701673],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04176513,0.1712088,0.5836638,0.04926625,0.003834874,0.0001191695,0.0004329157,0.0003160062,0.1493931],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8097022,0.04923818,0.1173538,0.005031665,0.006888617,0.0002411462,0.0001795883,0.000221178,0.01114363],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02721146,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1439096,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05508311659520281,"score_gpt":0.4377861170580138,"score_spread":0.382703000462811,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}