{"id":"W4412709225","doi":"10.1007/s11245-025-10238-9","title":"Avoiding Toxic Charity in Argumentation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Topoi","topic":"Ethics in Business and Education","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge","funders":"","keywords":"Argumentation theory; Computer security; Computer science; Business; Epistemology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003264633,0.00003831047,0.00007272094,0.0002215851,0.0001329354,0.0001167773,0.0002016363,0.00004722734,0.0003577718],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003888496,0.00003191696,0.00001835956,0.0007703879,0.00002633934,0.0002004407,0.00004020068,0.0001746816,0.0001458348],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000537587,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009408313,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001173731,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002047607,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990994,0.0001183423,0.0002335795,0.0001755388,0.0002838453,0.00008931963],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986951,0.0009577214,0.0000471548,0.0001859605,0.00009952167,0.0000145311],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002215312,0.000186776,0.2343352,0.00002887949,0.000005382566,0.00000331626,0.008369819,0.0002745053,0.004080137,0.5468155,0.01069463,0.1951837],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001344068,0.000003914494,0.319685,0.00004086889,0.000001725144,4.791934e-7,0.00264402,0.0006620835,0.003018152,0.6689463,0.00480575,0.00005720796],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9560499,0.00009921397,0.00435654,0.007772544,0.001181927,0.00006856483,6.031451e-7,0.00001398307,0.03045669],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946821,0.00002209338,0.0002882066,0.0005560401,0.0000394273,0.000008553195,0.000001511629,0.000001333697,0.004400697],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1951265,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4655174,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.238612300157034,"score_gpt":0.4834558042416833,"score_spread":0.2448435040846493,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}