{"id":"W4412745352","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121566","title":"Biofuel development from flax straw: Torrefaction, steam explosion, and pelletization of treated biomass","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial Crops and Products","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Ministry of Agriculture - Saskatchewan","keywords":"Torrefaction; Pelletizing; Biofuel; Straw; Biomass (ecology); Steam explosion; Pulp and paper industry; Bioenergy; Environmental science; Biomass fuels; Waste management; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Agronomy; Pellets; Materials science; Biology; Engineering; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001707155,0.0005964831,0.0004211389,0.0003002125,0.0002068911,0.0003511044,0.0001804738,0.0002860326,0.001079787],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001308665,0.0001582872,0.0005251769,0.000408465,0.0001470886,0.0003933151,0.0001578525,0.0004098053,0.0001869112],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002263711,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001868656,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001379659,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003502259,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998728,0.00001304721,0.000009538208,0.00002580937,0.00004346217,0.00003522696],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999512,0.000007719476,0.00001538897,0.0000029806,0.00001537648,0.000007339764],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001078927,0.00001836643,0.0002620871,0.00007722119,0.00001284675,0.00009075048,0.00002293645,0.0001287018,0.997323,0.0000163696,0.00001265552,0.001927211],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004599914,0.0002086525,0.004495837,0.000006185069,0.00001554567,0.00006265588,0.00004482433,0.0003847485,0.9942807,0.00001114419,0.0004792416,0.00000584317],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972473,0.0006699412,0.001316071,0.00002252443,0.00001418514,0.00001917338,0.0001807004,0.0000212091,0.000508881],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956077,0.0008102283,0.001801335,0.00002803846,0.000005763598,0.00002919255,0.0004160365,0.00002034167,0.001281299],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001379659,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00361228,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01841303735803327,"score_gpt":0.2038463151045179,"score_spread":0.1854332777464847,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}