{"id":"W4412779105","doi":"10.1115/1.4069271","title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Hierarchical Multi-Length-Scale Thermal Modeling of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Battery (electricity); Scale (ratio); Electric vehicle; Computer science; Geography; Physics; Cartography; Power (physics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002387524,0.0001097373,0.0003032191,0.0003967572,0.00002152026,0.00001311597,0.0001102836,0.0001037793,0.000001855347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008077721,0.00009276132,0.00003479652,0.00008073058,0.00005248517,0.0001747181,0.00001992066,0.0004367424,8.730051e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002848096,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002152498,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003612178,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006412627,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991686,0.00004330008,0.0003530466,0.00008879946,0.0001316095,0.0002146237],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997142,0.0001024272,0.000007409963,0.00008514988,0.00004446417,0.00004635882],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002989716,0.0001568337,0.002289127,0.001993548,0.0002857563,0.0001594472,0.001457612,0.1909428,0.4928727,0.001467725,0.00002211154,0.3080534],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00180097,0.0002469902,0.003703172,0.0005618378,0.00003225628,0.00005868587,0.001651714,0.9762319,0.01468296,0.0006916273,0.0001391373,0.0001987822],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9276596,0.0329151,0.03797402,0.0007949149,0.00007014024,0.00009877337,0.000002482462,0.00002532102,0.0004596631],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9635621,0.03609035,0.0002879548,0.00001182645,0.0000150424,0.000005085908,2.184383e-7,0.0000126894,0.00001477057],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.785289,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3782697,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04651148685432729,"score_gpt":0.2656186783034287,"score_spread":0.2191071914491014,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}