{"id":"W4412792350","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.150540","title":"Reducing emissions and fuel consumption in supersonic aviation with ammonia hybrid engines","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","topic":"Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Fuel efficiency; Aviation; Supersonic speed; Environmental science; Ammonia; Automotive engineering; Consumption (sociology); Greenhouse gas; Nitrogen oxides; Thrust specific fuel consumption; Waste management; Chemistry; Aerospace engineering; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008691202,0.00006834466,0.00008736247,0.000161158,0.00002419284,0.00001674805,0.0001629492,0.00002696359,0.00004865217],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004527995,0.00005427829,0.00002253059,0.00009037698,0.00007467964,0.0002371621,0.0000556459,0.00008897045,0.000001967897],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001517979,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001539722,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000948395,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001017979,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994231,0.0000163356,0.0001907187,0.0001019915,0.0001841244,0.00008374744],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997625,0.00004062985,0.00009804351,0.00005324542,0.00001939115,0.00002622257],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004456413,0.0003237394,0.4613675,0.00001775952,0.0002724955,0.0006244503,0.000441789,0.06687559,0.2390394,0.009996417,0.0005964113,0.2199988],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007427828,0.0005945188,0.2070068,0.001436131,0.0001288645,0.002843619,0.0007725633,0.03550894,0.616347,0.09185527,0.03509714,0.0009812918],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9876782,0.0004293617,0.01063875,0.0006861778,0.00009879449,0.00002097477,0.000001448521,0.00001427631,0.0004320469],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969742,0.0004927209,0.002239198,0.00007548242,0.00001735946,0.000002481151,0.000001697556,0.000004075567,0.0001927266],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3773077,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2213405,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007556167779140669,"score_gpt":0.2359810756002012,"score_spread":0.2284249078210605,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}