{"id":"W4412841086","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v17n8p160","title":"The Cost of Debt and Its Economic and Financial Drivers: An Empirical Study of European Companies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Economics and Finance","topic":"Financial Reporting and Valuation Research","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Debt; Business; Empirical research; Finance; Economics; Financial system","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007535698,0.00005473508,0.0001484755,0.0001262373,0.00008173678,0.0001097816,0.0001660012,0.00001662747,0.000001880232],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001891683,0.00004466835,0.00002325708,0.00003104622,0.00006811322,0.0002998229,0.000121097,0.00007392379,5.421767e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001530613,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005820116,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005973961,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001829061,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993378,0.00001451992,0.000442509,0.00009078538,0.00005442205,0.0000599508],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990732,0.00007872652,0.000533623,0.00005070497,0.0002574259,0.000006284443],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000729532,0.0004555417,0.6093333,0.00005799243,0.000211282,0.00002401931,0.0009452011,0.007570746,0.00007236808,0.2174402,0.0008149554,0.1623448],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001343579,0.0001288299,0.9278061,0.0000663822,0.00002447647,0.000006645746,0.0005378825,0.03966025,0.00003595002,0.005135053,0.0251757,0.00007914213],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979299,0.0002358682,0.00001710042,0.0005565981,0.0002867785,0.00007608863,0.000003208634,9.80659e-7,0.0008934538],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986405,0.001039709,0.00002276332,0.0000867405,0.0001622568,8.829033e-7,6.393699e-7,0.000003290686,0.00004320038],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3184728,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1821523,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04857479507931833,"score_gpt":0.3307640524924321,"score_spread":0.2821892574131137,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}