{"id":"W4412848633","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136343","title":"Novel insights into dynamic imbibition mechanisms of surfactant solution enhancing continental shale oil recovery","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Imbibition; Oil shale; Pulmonary surfactant; Petroleum engineering; Tight oil; Geology; Shale gas; Chemical engineering; Paleontology; Engineering; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001228487,0.000173176,0.0002448678,0.0002394424,0.00004165871,0.0000192834,0.0001273587,0.0001532038,0.00002981251],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004654228,0.0001938605,0.0000929641,0.0002813046,0.00002108205,0.0002793976,0.00005357886,0.0001584613,0.00001229829],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003203336,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003327251,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001130736,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007368731,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999063,0.00001514741,0.0003668426,0.0002058285,0.000145633,0.0002035806],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999546,0.00006254521,0.0000688712,0.0002232849,0.00006746838,0.00003182612],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001623342,0.00003775666,0.000007216118,0.0003895579,0.00003346496,0.000001288388,0.0001085731,0.0004877626,0.9899585,0.001531724,0.000114246,0.007313644],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003103444,0.0000593875,0.0004498464,0.0005057982,0.00002064833,0.000002542511,0.00005679491,0.02255402,0.9547702,0.02084706,0.0002149494,0.0002083941],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.349733,0.0005821974,0.6390718,0.00001789478,0.0006937709,0.00008671514,0.00001707802,0.0004690923,0.009328535],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.977641,0.0004658108,0.02120194,0.00003158823,0.00001494938,0.00004296597,0.00004535541,0.00002982263,0.0005265847],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6279081,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.79054,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004302617315918572,"score_gpt":0.2122188431361726,"score_spread":0.207916225820254,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}