{"id":"W4412870807","doi":"10.24908/pceea.2025.19669","title":"Developing the Skill of Problem Definition Through Model Creation and Exploration","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA)","topic":"Design Education and Practice","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Dalhousie University","keywords":"Computer science; Mathematics education; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004223112,0.0001160064,0.0001196127,0.0001912525,0.0001561543,0.00008301495,0.0001584531,0.0001117984,0.00000494037],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006381051,0.0001040434,0.00003717728,0.0006009733,0.0000185877,0.0005828437,0.00001318143,0.0001608671,0.000001819679],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001011368,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006092494,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00108293,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001187116,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999242,0.000009032189,0.0003026219,0.0001119771,0.0001770565,0.0001573076],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990513,0.0001052942,0.0002102263,0.00008346186,0.0005063553,0.00004336882],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005303569,0.00005221653,0.006692532,0.001037406,0.0001874164,1.137066e-8,0.01060831,0.04288247,0.00530823,0.8951041,0.03417376,0.003948237],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001437254,0.00005725495,0.154964,0.002696075,0.0008443864,0.00001259155,0.01298152,0.390359,0.0764033,0.2075417,0.1509283,0.001774558],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5198877,0.002287813,0.06420226,0.1052843,0.007502872,0.004585718,0.0001061207,0.0008172136,0.2953261],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9890075,0.0001387855,0.009540554,0.0002984692,0.00004594016,0.0001035342,0.00001124028,0.00001975873,0.0008342242],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6875623,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4242766,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01810879590157919,"score_gpt":0.2368356437027492,"score_spread":0.21872684780117,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}