{"id":"W4412913270","doi":"10.3389/feduc.2025.1572807","title":"Exploring the concurrent validity of a linguistically responsive pre-reading assessment in bilingual children: the Urdu Phonological Tele-Assessment (U-PASS) tool","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Education","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Toronto","keywords":"Urdu; Reading (process); Concurrent validity; Computer science; Natural language processing; Test validity; Linguistics; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Psychometrics; Developmental psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001772508,0.000192719,0.0003089555,0.0003400925,0.00013025,0.00005714501,0.0004173456,0.00008956025,0.00003908247],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008253901,0.0001276491,0.00007383762,0.0006094031,0.0001470125,0.00007616667,0.00009169975,0.0006482513,0.000003013835],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000650813,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001273774,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003394547,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000160239,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974841,0.0008052429,0.0007096669,0.0004343086,0.0002299521,0.0003366977],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998429,0.0007251314,0.0001996148,0.0004820292,0.0001299768,0.00003424843],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001310845,0.001221543,0.7585046,0.00002746484,0.0001120405,0.000003176709,0.01787067,0.0001519543,0.00006139828,0.03175116,0.008604364,0.1815606],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004615372,0.00007522913,0.9831195,0.000210149,0.00002710351,0.000003420691,0.008302387,0.0003228825,0.0001123504,0.002123081,0.005101299,0.0001410089],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9764958,0.0002815484,0.005927946,0.001298517,0.00979498,0.0009539306,0.000006476582,0.00002587791,0.00521491],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916672,0.00008380281,0.006522811,0.0001935576,0.0001748932,0.0007205358,0.0000298029,0.00001097067,0.0005964906],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.224615,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5205378,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03904055984219837,"score_gpt":0.3770922919336997,"score_spread":0.3380517320915013,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}