{"id":"W4412973976","doi":"10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102564","title":"Nanomaterials and hydrogen production: A comprehensive Review of clean energy strategies, costs, and environmental implications","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Results in Chemistry","topic":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","field":"Energy","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Clean energy; Production (economics); Hydrogen production; Nanomaterials; Natural resource economics; Environmental science; Business; Nanotechnology; Environmental protection; Hydrogen; Materials science; Economics; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009409416,0.001281649,0.001549222,0.002922698,0.0004855861,0.001465282,0.0009295213,0.00181924,0.003678393],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001011619,0.0005341527,0.0009049601,0.003777333,0.0005325665,0.002464923,0.0008552786,0.00152542,0.001128821],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001179808,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002024549,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00222334,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003773174,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995037,0.00007877265,0.00006723648,0.00006336312,0.0002464611,0.00004057568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993426,0.0003713857,0.00009457849,0.00001679343,0.0001476794,0.00002688324],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008620573,0.0001630838,0.0003314834,0.05901412,0.0001400245,0.0002565206,0.0001375463,0.001701853,0.005027382,0.02128639,0.04368595,0.8681694],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006029233,0.0001330627,0.0005918801,0.008347957,0.0001110708,0.0005014397,0.0001255405,0.0002519182,0.00132061,0.004836666,0.9837415,0.00003218872],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001809238,0.997842,0.0001841841,0.0004035592,0.00018164,0.000005710296,0.00002596837,0.000004999091,0.001170957],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0007310853,0.9982581,0.0002378865,0.0001678996,0.0001658492,0.000008780618,0.00002578047,0.000001959427,0.0004027761],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003678393,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01230544,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009472151807819533,"score_gpt":0.2422282060348475,"score_spread":0.232756054227028,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}