{"id":"W4413018805","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5380831","title":"New Spectral Indices for Identifying Large Plastic Accumulations in Coastal Waters with Sentinel-2 Imagery","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Remote sensing; Geology; Oceanography; Environmental science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001354855,0.0003615213,0.0003740406,0.0003485305,0.00025228,0.0002530954,0.0008679603,0.0002538292,0.00003535679],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001362343,0.0003149086,0.0001567979,0.0002902343,0.00009719508,0.0003474697,0.001010953,0.003312782,0.00002003305],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001976934,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001041142,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008638476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006125681,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9958373,0.00008142404,0.0005218033,0.0005565669,0.0004355502,0.002567327],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990561,0.0001611512,0.0003463483,0.0003393716,0.00001636444,0.0000806784],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004845341,0.0003460742,0.931766,0.0002823833,0.0007118653,0.00006266548,0.002168722,0.04868346,0.002349807,0.00753512,0.001150305,0.004459061],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005315176,0.0004329214,0.2013879,0.001323755,0.0004568253,0.0002840055,0.005967985,0.002992036,0.00620347,0.7726287,0.000996911,0.002010318],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8632084,0.0001432133,0.1344786,0.0007897369,0.0005949481,0.0004556556,0.00003559974,0.0001554051,0.0001385446],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992592,0.0002354304,0.004981144,0.00001511548,0.0002307304,0.00003897734,0.00004083224,0.00003272362,0.001833085],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7650936,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999303,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02863143248681368,"score_gpt":0.3023043636801377,"score_spread":0.2736729311933241,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}