{"id":"W4413020649","doi":"10.1001/jamasurg.2025.2564","title":"Artificial Intelligence–Augmented Human Instruction and Surgical Simulation Performance","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"JAMA Surgery","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre; McMaster University Medical Centre; Hamilton General Hospital; McGill University; Université Laval; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Randomized controlled trial; TUTOR; Cognition; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Medical education; Physical therapy; Multimedia; Computer science; Surgery; Psychiatry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001836639,0.0003979468,0.0005571141,0.000131995,0.0001317536,0.0003858145,0.0003594605,0.0006510122,0.002173414],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005378705,0.0002117896,0.0003098823,0.0001055234,0.0005545706,0.000315649,0.0003118523,0.0005259542,0.0002221249],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002647101,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006341086,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003950244,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006044996,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984635,0.001031597,0.00009700206,0.0001141932,0.0002026026,0.00009115907],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980578,0.001124528,0.0004185833,0.0001030385,0.00006721711,0.0002288371],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.5998999,0.09561612,0.02840648,0.001694923,0.001373777,0.00006204117,0.000432481,0.008437391,0.01348441,0.0003259141,0.0009072624,0.2493593],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.1190155,0.7687716,0.08907522,0.0002089216,0.0007951612,0.0001044765,0.0001273919,0.01018708,0.009598882,0.0003837807,0.001679679,0.00005227319],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985263,0.0003167924,0.0002926463,0.00005683899,0.00003088102,0.00029479,0.00002061377,0.000008557377,0.0004525076],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975473,0.0002097244,0.001216192,0.00007172931,0.00004600435,0.0005379029,0.00003773839,0.000001811767,0.0003315129],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002173414,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009713233,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07281064779881054,"score_gpt":0.3267840665355765,"score_spread":0.2539734187367659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}