{"id":"W4413034919","doi":"10.5194/tc-19-2949-2025","title":"Radar-equivalent snowpack: reducing the number of snow layers while retaining their microwave properties and bulk snow mass","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"˜The œcryosphere","topic":"Cryospheric studies and observations","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","keywords":"Snowpack; Snow; Microwave; Radar; Water equivalent; Materials science; Environmental science; Geology; Meteorology; Atmospheric sciences; Geotechnical engineering; Geomorphology; Engineering; Physics; Aerospace engineering; Telecommunications","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002885193,0.0005363505,0.0003884555,0.0002942499,0.0001890882,0.0003703977,0.0005445308,0.0002625325,0.0006420534],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005642271,0.0002530213,0.0004708576,0.000202152,0.0001404584,0.0004679927,0.0004332477,0.0003188198,0.0001771111],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002381667,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006904947,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01235491,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01638069,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999105,0.00001788418,0.000005951666,0.0000193461,0.00003172786,0.00001457813],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998462,0.00003312131,0.0000303113,0.00003195425,0.00004517464,0.00001325184],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002663638,0.0003338454,0.01159713,0.0001540139,0.0002281638,0.0001241911,0.0001057262,0.7544134,0.1079827,0.001996268,0.0009408944,0.1218573],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004261387,0.00003812389,0.002469828,0.000003687436,0.00001953267,0.00001953479,0.00001027389,0.9896153,0.006909409,0.0002924738,0.000572496,0.000006650957],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5379839,0.000187603,0.4572441,0.00007807682,0.00005607532,0.0001602212,0.0002735623,0.001315741,0.002700725],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7196571,0.00009948546,0.2781597,0.00007356475,0.00002627799,0.0000658882,0.0006005632,0.0001107052,0.001206636],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01235491,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02456599,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03166473788846635,"score_gpt":0.2225892468678985,"score_spread":0.1909245089794322,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}