{"id":"W4413053432","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111360","title":"Synergistic hydrogen spillover and bifunctional sites: Ru single-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic urea synthesis","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nano Energy","topic":"Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao; Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Bifunctional; Materials science; Catalysis; Electrocatalyst; Urea; Spillover effect; Hydrogen spillover; Atom (system on chip); Hydrogen; Inorganic chemistry; Electrochemistry; Nanotechnology; Electrode; Organic chemistry; Metallurgy; Physical chemistry; Metal; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001105436,0.0002236043,0.0002926899,0.0001914367,0.0001658834,0.00002706988,0.0001408601,0.0001075326,0.00002800587],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001840669,0.0002218336,0.0001398712,0.000291228,0.00004290315,0.00007656855,0.00006626351,0.00007613407,0.000008597761],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003613368,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001108105,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005536008,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009838599,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987737,0.0000235883,0.0002772102,0.0003990142,0.0001804489,0.0003460601],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999144,0.0004017031,0.00007435789,0.0002354994,0.00006009865,0.00008438342],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009219857,0.00007909909,0.0001161316,0.00006386625,0.0002368339,0.000001914575,0.00001097552,0.0008578516,0.972096,0.01559044,0.001319887,0.009534854],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002338615,0.00003079408,0.0000238684,0.00004562788,0.0002151376,0.0000152604,0.00003261149,0.01784104,0.9629175,0.0006447797,0.01775818,0.0002413602],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9133692,0.005306269,0.0763064,0.0004614715,0.0005263562,0.000288277,0.0001292578,0.0003376585,0.003275053],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967785,0.00002179582,0.0004648048,0.0001004722,0.0001550815,0.0002273694,0.00007080902,0.00003949228,0.002141629],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08340929,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9046113,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01016307593957078,"score_gpt":0.211400065380944,"score_spread":0.2012369894413732,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}