{"id":"W4413105508","doi":"10.1093/ej/ueaf068","title":"Are Cities Losing Innovation Advantages? Online Versus Face-to-Face Interactions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Economic Journal","topic":"Innovation Diffusion and Forecasting","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Setback; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Face (sociological concept); Face-to-face interaction; Economic geography; Business; Demographic economics; Economics; Sociology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001990964,0.0001135763,0.0001887904,0.0008894749,0.0006835071,0.0006123297,0.0006007511,0.00003527406,0.001158451],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002159997,0.00007813455,0.00006923066,0.0009239903,0.00006107406,0.0004770236,0.0001800123,0.0004282003,0.0005759381],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000326763,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000157229,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005152838,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006197604,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983663,0.00009860699,0.0009220219,0.0001912285,0.000221538,0.0002003161],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977216,0.0007953441,0.0008263606,0.0002854174,0.0003300229,0.00004123113],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001086694,0.0001411359,0.01693893,0.000008325795,0.0002471395,0.00001540418,0.005546301,0.07438383,0.003147404,0.106194,0.2651422,0.5271487],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003908336,0.0001356622,0.08277855,0.0003609482,0.00005437096,0.0002481036,0.1284438,0.08706488,0.001794621,0.07416309,0.62038,0.0006676663],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9495864,0.00002583543,0.01781088,0.01418016,0.005516852,0.00009722835,0.00002490076,0.00002373101,0.01273401],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9844797,0.000006911512,0.000469147,0.002260391,0.000419471,0.000002195994,0.000002881897,0.000007720751,0.01235162],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.526481,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997546,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1588722032271108,"score_gpt":0.4232489374592396,"score_spread":0.2643767342321288,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}