{"id":"W4413115259","doi":"10.1164/rccm.202410-2101oc","title":"Distinct Morphological Types of Small Airway Obstructions in Smokers with Emphysema and End-Stage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine","topic":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Vlaamse regering; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Rosetrees Trust; Cancer Research UK; Vertex Pharmaceuticals; Microsoft Research; Gilead Sciences; Sanofi; Wellcome Trust; GlaxoSmithKline","keywords":"Medicine; COPD; Airway; Pulmonary emphysema; Stage (stratigraphy); Small airways; Intensive care medicine; Internal medicine; Lung; Anesthesia","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000530322,0.0002209073,0.0002874594,0.001257551,0.0002674802,0.0004108125,0.0001823331,0.0004296141,0.001413988],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007680598,0.0002104656,0.0002007068,0.0003712842,0.0005175316,0.0003366863,0.0004603537,0.0001957077,0.0002484074],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000117483,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001259164,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005867791,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009670951,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997357,0.00006163721,0.00003760173,0.00006024265,0.00005789657,0.00004686859],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993331,0.0001177603,0.0002414382,0.00005392374,0.00009244416,0.0001612275],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000385947,0.00002808558,0.9761477,0.00001849824,0.00002357236,0.0002676102,0.0001528717,0.00002815565,0.02097159,0.00002525893,0.00001820596,0.00193263],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002014055,0.0000794755,0.9984552,0.000002634959,0.000005968723,0.0007052607,0.00009833814,0.00006287257,0.0005280454,0.00002010504,0.00003844654,0.000001766944],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9994128,0.0001892949,0.0001159165,0.000006365749,0.000001403674,0.000007636394,0.00003720079,0.000002598573,0.0002268895],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996011,0.00005186959,0.0001518258,0.000006771263,0.000004682558,0.000006139641,0.0000711645,0.000001028998,0.0001056163],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001413988,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004730284,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01773328164129592,"score_gpt":0.3120100068953165,"score_spread":0.2942767252540206,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}