{"id":"W4413129800","doi":"10.5539/elt.v18n9p22","title":"Artificial Intelligence in High School English Instruction: An Empirical Study on Pedagogical Applications","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Language Teaching","topic":"Online Learning and Analytics","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Mathematics education; Empirical research; Pedagogy; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005596502,0.0003247153,0.0005941407,0.001828467,0.002546316,0.004485098,0.001315319,0.0009208355,0.002453293],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02712244,0.000454814,0.0002277953,0.002019184,0.002196485,0.003141163,0.002557084,0.00209119,0.0007595345],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001510068,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003225957,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004611481,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009658081,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962529,0.001952296,0.0002571938,0.0003436757,0.000806046,0.0003878383],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9717794,0.01899824,0.00306476,0.00101284,0.002986467,0.002158219],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000149363,0.01172849,0.4189619,0.0003788883,0.00004194551,0.001781834,0.4860163,0.0002927782,0.001991715,0.00354875,0.001656275,0.07345172],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004236307,0.001090102,0.3386596,0.0003334175,0.00004661467,0.0006373275,0.6395347,0.001976165,0.001499342,0.001227361,0.01490956,0.0000433323],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977866,0.00006275113,0.000174903,0.0001154769,0.000002912075,0.00004421886,0.00001176341,0.000003763029,0.001797598],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972501,0.000223479,0.0005248514,0.0001208347,0.00000560027,0.00008341001,0.00004458128,0.000007489996,0.0017396],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005596502,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02959752,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03450113119139713,"score_gpt":0.3809869263286887,"score_spread":0.3464857951372916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}