{"id":"W4413143685","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.122416","title":"Air-water-sand three-phase jets in crossflow, Part II: Velocity distributions and turbulence characteristics of bubbles and sand particles","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Ocean Engineering","topic":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Turbulence; Mechanics; Air water; Phase (matter); Geology; Meteorology; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000182751,0.0001879351,0.0002727493,0.0001237549,0.00007302796,0.00003522385,0.00009764567,0.00008074926,0.000003648655],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001429567,0.0001909984,0.00002963294,0.0002285171,0.00008302675,0.0001423184,0.0001110956,0.0001639188,8.083576e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007189257,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001731768,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009989057,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009581939,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990134,0.000008172964,0.0003490886,0.0001946045,0.00008886452,0.000345911],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995837,0.0000703459,0.00001808508,0.0002002331,0.00002388802,0.0001037448],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001259279,0.0005814023,0.2633981,0.002697076,0.0004975391,0.0001520368,0.002596657,0.1904162,0.4938787,0.010382,0.0003868072,0.03488754],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008307479,0.00002863208,0.07455146,0.0002589735,0.00002925687,0.000004956094,0.00001286879,0.877413,0.04596501,0.0003267009,0.0003394295,0.0002389845],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9888652,0.0006842178,0.009780365,0.00005493374,0.0001944717,0.000128798,0.0001188422,0.0001325739,0.00004057223],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989409,0.0001825392,0.0007810003,0.000005717353,0.00002868113,0.000008843368,0.00002258727,0.00002002978,0.000009642235],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6869968,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7788687,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007017743701471181,"score_gpt":0.2208103151289973,"score_spread":0.2137925714275261,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}